Was ist Projektportfoliomanagement (PPM)?

Projektportfoliomanagement (PPM) ist die zentralisierte Verwaltung aller Projekte eines Unternehmens. Diese Projekte mögen miteinander verbunden sein oder auch nicht, aber sie werden in einem gemeinsamen Rahmen verwaltet – dem sogenannten „Portfolio“ –, um sie angemessen überwachen zu können und die Koordination von Ressourcen sicherzustellen. Portfoliomanagement im Projektmanagement beinhaltet auch den Eingangsprozess für Projekte, d. h. die Identifizierung und Bewilligung potenzieller Projekte, die Zuweisung von Projektmanagern und die Aufnahme in das Portfolio, sowie die übergeordnete Überwachung und Steuerung, damit die laufenden Projekte direkt zu den Zielen und Strategien des Unternehmens beitragen.

Warum Projektportfoliomanagement wichtig ist

Laut dem Project Management Institute „zeigt unsere Forschung, dass Portfoliomanagement eine Möglichkeit bietet, die Brücke zwischen Strategie und Implementierung zu schlagen”. Der Portfoliomanager muss also sicherstellen, dass die richtigen Projekte zur richtigen Zeit stattfinden, um die Investitionen des Unternehmens zu maximieren. Das ist besonders in einem Unternehmen mit zahlreichen internen Projekten von Bedeutung. Ideen für Projekte können jederzeit aus beliebigen Quellen kommen, und Unternehmen führen oft eine lange Liste potenzieller Projekte. Normalerweise haben sie jedoch nicht genug Zeit, Geld und Ressourcen, um sie alle sofort umzusetzen. Hier setzt das Portfoliomanagement an, denn es zeigt auf, welche Projekte den größten potenziellen Nutzen bringen und deshalb priorisiert werden sollten.

Dies sind die Hauptvorteile des Projektportfoliomanagements:

Es stimmt die Projekte eines Unternehmens auf die Geschäftsziele ab.
Es befreit die Projektplanung von subjektiven Faktoren, d. h. es gibt keine „Lieblingsprojekte“.
Es vereinfacht die Entscheidungsfindung im Falle von Projektkonflikten.
Es hilft dem Projektbüro oder Portfoliomanager, Projekte abzulehnen, wenn diese nicht den Geschäftsprioritäten entsprechen.
Es unterstreicht den Fokus auf den langfristigen Horizont.
Es sorgt für Führung und Beaufsichtigung bei der Verwaltung von Projekten.

Die fünf Schritte des Projektportfoliomanagements

Das Portfoliomanagement im Projektmanagement lässt sich in fünf Hauptschritte unterteilen.

1. Identifizieren der Leitziele des Unternehmens

Wenn Sie für einen Lebensmittelmarkt arbeiten, wollen Sie dann das frischste Gemüse, die größte Produktauswahl oder die niedrigsten Preise bieten? Falls die niedrigsten Preise im Vordergrund stehen, sind Projekte zur Kostensenkung wichtiger als Projekte zur Verbesserung der Produktqualität.

2. Erfassung und Untersuchung von Anfragen und Ideen

Ideen für Projekte können jederzeit aus beliebigen Quellen kommen. Wichtig ist also ein formeller Eingangsprozess zur Erfassung dieser Ideen, damit sie sich verfolgen und bewerten lassen. Dies kann ganz einfach eine Tabelle sein, die vom Portfoliomanager geführt wird, oder eine Online-Datenbank, in die jeder im Unternehmen seine Ideen eingeben kann.

3. Auswahl der besten Projekte

Nach der Erfassung von Projekten müssen Portfoliomanager diese anhand eines Standardverfahrens bewerten und die Projekte auswählen, die umgesetzt werden sollen. Wichtig ist nicht nur, dass sie mit den Unternehmenszielen in Einklang stehen. Auch die folgenden Fragen sind von Bedeutung:

Was wird es kosten?
Wie lange wird es dauern?
Was ist die Rendite? (Welchen Nutzen bringt es?)
Sind die Ressourcen verfügbar?
Welche Risiken sind mit diesem Projekt verbunden?

Wenn mehrere Projekte auf einmal bewertet werden, ist der Entscheidungsprozess noch komplexer. Eine beliebte Vorgehensweise, um ihn zu vereinfachen und von subjektiven Urteilen zu befreien, ist die Bewertung jedes Projekts anhand einer einfachen Liste von Kriterien, wie z. B. ROI, ein häufig verwendeter Ranking-Faktor.

4. Validierung der Portfolio-Umsetzbarkeit und Einleitung von Projekten

Nachdem Sie Ihre Projekte ausgewählt haben, muss unbedingt auch das Portfolio als Ganzes validiert werden. Wichtig ist beispielsweise, dass die ausgewählten Projekte insgesamt nicht zu groß, zu riskant, zu teuer oder zu stark voneinander abhängig sind. Das Portfolio sollte gut ausgewogen und auf die Geschäftsziele abgestimmt sein. Wenn z. B. drei Ihrer Projekte voraussichtlich im Januar die Testphase erreichen, Sie aber nur ein Prüflabor haben, ist das ein Problem. Und wenn zwei Projekte voneinander abhängig sind und ein Verzug in einem automatisch das andere in Mitleidenschaft ziehen würde, sollten Sie den zeitgleichen Projektstart noch einmal überdenken. Nachdem das Portfolio validiert wurde, können Sie die Projektmanager zuweisen und die Projekte einleiten.

5. Verwaltung und Überwachung des Portfolios

Projekte entwickeln und verändern sich im Laufe der Zeit, und in der Liste potenzieller Projekte können neue Ideen erscheinen. Deshalb ist es wichtig, sowohl die Umsetzung des aktuellen Projektportfolios als auch den Eingangsprozess für neue Projektideen fortlaufend zu überwachen. Dieser Schritt kann Folgendes beinhalten:

Zusammenarbeit mit Projektmanagern, um die Leistung der Projekte zu verfolgen.
Identifizieren und Ausräumen von Konflikten zwischen Projekten.
Anpassung des Portfolios nach Bedarf, ggf. durch Pausieren oder Einstellen laufender und Aufnahme neuer Projekte.
Gewährleistung, dass Projekte weiterhin den Geschäftszielen entsprechen.

Zur weiteren Lektüre

Was ist der Unterschied zwischen Projekt- und Portfoliomanagement?

Why project portfolio management is important

According to the Project Management Institute, "portfolio management is a way to bridge the gap between strategy and implementation." The portfolio manager's job is to ensure the right projects are being done at the right time to maximize the company's investment. This is particularly important in an organization with a lot of internal projects.

Ideas for projects can come from anywhere, at any time, and it's common for a business to have a long list of potential projects to complete. However, there usually is not enough time, money, or resources to do them all right away. Project portfolio management is necessary to understand which projects will have the largest beneficial impact on the company and prioritize them accordingly.

What types of industries and companies benefit from project portfolio management?

According to research by PM Solutions, 71% of companies have a project portfolio management system. PPM’s growth is evident in the rising number of companies adopting project portfolio management solutions.

However, what kind of companies can benefit from PPM? Project portfolio management is a must-have for any company that has several projects going on simultaneously, such as:

Information technology teams are typically smaller with highly specialized talent and bigger budgets. Resource profiling can be done to update skills inventory and appropriately meet peak demand periods. Use data-driven forecasting to assign the team to value-creating projects. Meet project demands successfully without under or over-burdening the team.

Construction

Often, companies lose focus on their overall goals in the chaos of managing more minor details. For example, large construction projects can take months and even years to complete. Many things may change during that time.

Decreasing project finances, ever-changing stakeholder needs, or the exit of key project personnel can quickly change project dynamics. However, project portfolio management helps keep the focus on the big picture and supports the construction team to keep moving toward its goals.

Financial services

Accuracy is the bedrock of financial services companies such as credit unions, banks, and credit card firms that process payments and manage money. Employing portfolio project management solutions helps companies set up performance thresholds, adapt to changing trends, and gather real-time metrics to meet project objectives.

Project management teams

According to Wellingtone’s State of Project Management report, only 29% of companies complete projects on time. Using project portfolio solutions can be an effective method for minimizing unforeseen delays, mitigating risks, and sequencing projects for maximum success. As a result, stakeholders get more visibility into project prioritization and can understand project value better.

Professional services teams

Professional services teams have different needs based on their size. Smaller companies tend to have fewer projects with smaller budgets, while the larger companies have multiple projects running simultaneously. With a standardized system of workflows and realistic budget estimates, teams can complete their projects faster while minimizing project risks.

Marketing teams

Marketing teams have multiple projects with greatly varying needs. For example, one project may focus on tapping into a new region, while another may be involved in gaining market share in an online marketplace. Marketing teams need to prioritize initiatives that move the overall business goals forward instead of an individual project.

Benefits of project portfolio management

By leveraging the benefits of project portfolio management, companies can plan out all the pieces of their project to get the best results. The main advantages of project portfolio management are:

Provides alignment between company objectives and projects

A PMI survey found that a lack of clearly defined goals is the first reason for project failure. Project portfolio management promotes transparent and open discussions amongst the team with a company-first attitude.

Takes the personal bias out of project planning

With PPM, there are no “pet projects.” Subjectivity in project planning is eliminated as PPM focuses on prioritizing projects based on their inherent risk, business goals, resource, and skill availability. Multiple qualitative and quantitative techniques such as ranking models and scoring methods are used to make project decisions.

Makes decision-making easier

Stakeholders may struggle to manage disputes that can arise with different project teams focusing on their priorities and vying for limited resources. By employing a standardized approach to decision-making, PPM subjectively evaluates the demand from competing project teams.

Helps prioritize projects

Good project portfolio managers focus their limited resources on their most valuable projects. When customer requests, regulatory requirements, or strategy demands arise, teams use project portfolio management to work on viable projects that help achieve organizational goals.

Focuses on the big picture

Sometimes project teams concentrate so much on execution that they miss the big picture. While chasing trends, they fail to achieve strategic goals and overwork their teams. When teams adopt project portfolio management, they prioritize and execute only value-delivering projects.

Builds governance and oversight into project management

Project portfolio management builds a natural governance model for all the projects of an organization. While project management looks at a single project, PPM provides a holistic overview of all projects. Project managers can create a contingency plan, employ data-driven techniques, and lead the company on the right path.

The five steps of project portfolio management

There are five main steps to the project portfolio management process in project management.

1. Identify the guiding objectives of the business

If you work for a grocery store, is their goal to provide the freshest food, the largest selection, or the lowest prices? If the lowest prices are the priority, then projects to promote cost savings are much more important than projects to improve the food's quality.

2. Capture and research requests and ideas

Project ideas could come from anywhere at any time. It's important to have a formalized intake process to capture these ideas so they can be tracked and evaluated. This may be as simple as a spreadsheet maintained by the portfolio manager, or it could be an online database where anyone in the company can enter ideas as they think of them.

3. Select the best projects

Once ideas are captured, portfolio managers must go through a standard process to evaluate and select the projects that will move forward. This requires more than just ensuring they are aligned with the company objectives, such as:

How much will it cost?
How long will it take?
What is the return on this project? (What benefit will it provide?)
Are the resources available?
What are the risks associated with this project?

Since decisions are being made on multiple projects at once, this can become even more complex. A common way to simplify the project portfolio management process, and remove any bias, is to create a simple list of criteria that each project is measured and scored against, such as return on investment (ROI), which is a common ranking factor.

4. Validate portfolio feasibility and initiate projects

Once a determination has been made on which projects to move forward, it's important to validate the portfolio as a whole. This can include making sure the mix of projects chosen isn't too large, too risky, too expensive, or too interdependent. The portfolio should be properly balanced and aligned with business goals. For example, if three of your projects forecast testing in January, and you only have one test lab, this is an issue. Also, if two projects are interrelated and a delay in one will push out the other, you may want to reconsider starting them both simultaneously. Once the portfolio is validated, project managers can be assigned and the projects initiated.

5. Manage and monitor the portfolio

Projects change and evolve over time, and new ideas may be added to the list of potential projects. This is why it's important to continually manage both the ongoing portfolio execution and the intake process. Managing and monitoring the portfolio may include the following:

Working with project managers to monitor the performance of projects
Identifying and resolving conflicts between projects
Making changes to the portfolio as needed, including putting projects on hold, canceling projects, and adding in new projects
Ensuring projects are still aligned with the business objectives

Best tools for project portfolio management

While project portfolio management (PPM) may sound simple, putting the PPM life cycle into action can be challenging. Along with a continuous project planning and evaluation process, you will need the right tools to keep all projects moving forward. Here are some widely used tools for project portfolio management:

Decision tree analysis

Decision tree analysis is a great tool for evaluating situations with multiple subjective factors. It illustrates the multiple ways to solve a problem along with their costs, outcomes, and consequences. Use this method to evaluate project outcomes, identify opportunities, manage costs, and solve problems.

Cost-benefit analysis

A cost-benefit analysis is a quantitative method for assessing the risk and reward of a project. Project success occurs when probable benefits are more and the overall cost is lesser.

Objectives matrix

In this method, the overall business strategy is divided into multiple objectives. These smaller objectives are assigned to different projects and scored for evaluation.

Scoring model

Appraising a project using the scoring model is a good way to balance the quantitative and qualitative factors. Some qualitative factors can be market competitiveness, business value, and customer confidence, while qualitative factors include operational cost, revenue value, and return on investment.

Weights and scores are assigned to these factors, and every project gets a total score. It provides a rational way of comparing projects based on their overall scores.

Why choose Wrike as your project portfolio management solution?

With multiple projects on the go, it’s important to know your team is focusing on the right projects at the right time. You need to combine project management with project portfolio management.

Create business value by focusing on strategic projects to deliver high-impact work. With Wrike, your teams can automate incoming requests, review team workloads, and address bottlenecks before they occur.

Start a free Wrike trial to reduce over-allocation of resources, minimize disruptions, and achieve project portfolio success.

#project management #ppm #portfolio management #project strategy

Was ist Projektportfoliomanagement (PPM)?